Mediators Beyond Borders

Mediación: un aporte a la transformación de las relaciones sociales (5/08/08)
Alejandro M. Nató, Liliana María Carbajal, María Gabriela Rodríguez Querejazu
Esta nota enuncia algunas de las ideas desarrolladas en el libro: Mediación Comunitaria. Conflictos en el escenario social urbano (México, Universidad de Sonora-Centro Internacional de Estudios Sobre Democracia y Paz Social, 2005); Alejandro Nató, María Gabriela Rodríguez Querejazu y Liliana Carbajal.

Saadia Touval, 76, Expert on Mediation Issues (4/28/08)
Adam Bernstein Bernstein
Saadia Touval, 76, a political scientist who made an influential argument that biased mediators in international disputes were often the most effective, died April 17 at his home in Rockville. He had gastric cancer.

Michael Leathes of the International Mediation Institute (4/21/08)
Geoff Sharp

Michael Leathes of the International Mediation Institute in The Hague is here in New Zealand.

He's on holiday but the Wellington mediation mafia have convinced him that it would be in the interests of the tyres on his rental if he allowed us to put on a breakfast for him as he passes through our fair city next Monday.

The Institute was created last year by three leading non-profit dispute resolution bodies: the Netherlands Mediation Institute, Singapore Mediation Centre and the American Arbitration Association.

I have posted on the IMI before and I suspect, love or hate what they are doing - you are going to hear a lot more about IMI in the next few years.

IMI's drive for certification is generating some heat in the mediation world because, for the first time, an initiative to set global competency standards for mediators is gaining real traction. Make no mistake, future mediation consumers, especially corporates, will use the IMI standard to determine mediator competency and be pivotal in any decision to hire.

And it's this that is proving to be controversial.

Some, like leading UK mediator Tony Willis - who I respect enormously (do you know that Tony was involved in acting 'for the money' in the 1979 Iran hostage drama that lasted 444 days and it was this that set him on a mediation path) - say the IMI proposals are clunky, bureaucratic and costly and they are of the one-size-fits-all variety, making no effort to reflect different jurisdictions. Tony has labelled aspects of the venture, ‘impossibly cumbersome’ and concluded ‘it will be damaging to the profession.’

Perhaps one of the most serious charges against the scheme is that these are not standards being set by mediators - but by providers such as the AAA and they will eventually create a barrier to entry for those yet to enter our field and establish themselves. This troubles me.

After a period of consultation last year draft standards have been developed and IMI is now looking for your comments here.

An Independent Standards Commission comprising '30 international thought leaders in the dispute resolution field' has now been convened to finalize the standards after reviewing all comments.

I hope to bring you some video or audio of Michael Leathes' presentation.

Negotiating with Terrorists: Choosing Your Bargaining Partners (4/21/08)
Victoria Pynchon

I do try not to stray into foreign affairs.  Heck, negotiating with (not always rational) attorneys is difficult enough!  Yet, occasionally, I mention negotiation in the context of international relations, as in my recent post -- Al Qaeda, Understanding the Bean-Counter Next Door -- which I knew might get some irritable comments.

Many (like Christopher Annunziata of the CKA Mediation and Arbitration Blog) will question my sanity or my patriotism (a word so "spun" by current political realities that it has nearly lost its meaning /*) if I say without citation to some legitimate authority that governments can and do negotiate with terrorists. /**

Therefore, I'm providing my readers with an excerpt from a Foreign Affairs article -- Negotiating with Terrorists -- by Peter R. Neumann, Director of the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence.   

Before moving on to the excerpt, I want to share an experience with you.  While studying at the Straus Institute I took part in a mock mediation among principals of Hamas, Israel and the PLO.  The first thing the mediator said was, "there's a party missing from this meeting."  He pulled an empty chair into the circle and said, "the children of Hamas, Israel and the PLO are missing.  This chair serves as a reminder to everyone that any agreement we reach must serve the interests of the children and that our failure to reach agreement will harm them."  

It was a powerful moment and although the mediation was "mock," everyone assumed their roles with great stridency as to the virtue of their respective positions.  When the discussion started to wheel out of control, as it did many times during the day, all the mediator had to do was to put his hand on the "childrens'" chair to restore collaborative purpose.   

Excerpt from Peter Neumann's article Negotiating with Terrorists below.  If this topic interests you, also see attorney Adir Waldman's book Arbitrating Armed Conflict here.

The argument against negotiating with terrorists is simple: Democracies must never give in to violence, and terrorists must never be rewarded for using it. Negotiations give legitimacy to terrorists and their methods and undermine actors who have pursued political change through peaceful means. Talks can destabilize the negotiating governments' political systems, undercut international efforts to outlaw terrorism, and set a dangerous precedent.

Yet in practice, democratic governments often negotiate with terrorists. The British government maintained a secret back channel to the Irish Republican Army even after the IRA had launched a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street that nearly eliminated the entire British cabinet in 1991. In 1988, the Spanish government sat down with the separatist group Basque Homeland and Freedom (known by its Basque acronym ETA) only six months after the group had killed 21 shoppers in a supermarket bombing. Even the government of Israel -- which is not known to be soft on terrorism -- has strayed from the supposed ban: in 1993, it secretly negotiated the Oslo accords even though the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) continued its terrorist campaign and refused to recognize Israel's right to exist.

When it comes to negotiating with terrorists, there is a clear disconnect between what governments profess and what they actually do. But the rigidity of the "no negotiations" stance has prevented any systematic exploration of how best to conduct such negotiations. How can a democratic government talk to terrorists without jeopardizing the integrity of its political system? What kinds of terrorists are susceptible to negotiations? When should negotiations be opened?

The key objective for any government contemplating negotiations with terrorists is not simply to end violence but to do so in a way that minimizes the risk of setting dangerous precedents and destabilizing its political system. Given this dual goal, a number of conditions must be met in order for talks to have even a chance of success. Assuming that negotiations are appropriate in all cases would be no more valid a theory than one that assumes they never are. 

The first and most obvious question for any government considering negotiations is whether the terrorists it faces can make good negotiating partners. Bruce Hoffman, of Georgetown University; William Zartman, of Johns Hopkins University; and other experts believe that terrorists' stated aims and ideology should be the decisive factor in determining whether they might be willing to compromise. Hence, these experts draw a distinction between nihilistic terrorists, who have "absolute" or even "apocalyptic" goals (often religiously inspired) and for whom violence has become a perverted form of self-realization, and more "traditional" terrorists, who are believed to be "instrumental" or "political" in their aspirations and so have the potential to become constructive interlocutors.

This distinction between supposedly rational terrorists and irrational ones, however, is often in the eye of the beholder. If the IRA and ETA appear to be more rational than, say, al Qaeda, it is because their goals -- nationalism and separatism -- have a long ...

The remainder of this article will unfortunately cost you $5.95 here (emphases my own).

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**/  If you use the simplest definition of "patriotism"  -- pride in one's own country -- I, like 90% of Americans, am extremely "patriotic."  I am proud of our Constitutional form of government, the American Enlightenment from which it drew its wisdom, and the rule of law.  I am particularly proud of the Bill of Rights, a document guaranteeing the liberties of the minority against the potential tyrannies of the majority.  My own favorite amendments are the First, the Fourth through Eighth, the Thirteenth through Fifteenth, and, of course, the Nineteenth. 

I'm proud to be descended from immigrants, both externally -- England, Sweden, Ireland, Scotland -- and internally -- an escape from the Dust Bowl to California. I'm proud of our unique social and economic mobility though not blinded to the fact that many are stuck in a cycle of poverty from which they have not been able to escape.  I'm proud of the public education system that provided me with the ability to go to University and Law School at a very minimal cost.  

I am proud to be a part of a culture and political system that values and protects dissent and supports a "free marketplace of ideas" as the best  means of distinguishing between the better and the worse; the good and the bad, the moderate and the radical, the useful and the not so much.   

There is also much about America of which I am not proud.  Just as there is much in myself that does not stir pride.  Because we are all dual natured, our political, social, and economic systems naturally follow -- greedy as well as generous; empowering as well as stifling; peaceful as well as war-mongering; forgiving as well as retributive.  In a democracy that encourages dissent, my criticims of American institutions and activities should never be taken for a lack of patriotism.  In fact, I consider it my patriotic duty to engage in the political process with the intention of making what is good better and diminishing that which is bad.  

**/  Here's a useful wikipedia definition of terrorism: 

As terrorism ultimately involves the use or threat of violence with the aim of creating fear not only to the victims but among a wide audience, it is fear which distinguishes terrorism from both conventional and guerrilla warfare. While both conventional military forces may engage in psychological warfare and guerrilla forces may engage in acts of terror and other forms of propaganda, they both aim at military victory. Terrorism on the other hand aims to achieve political or other goals, when direct military victory is not possible. This has resulted in some social scientists referring to guerrilla warfare as the "weapon of the weak" and terrorism as the "weapon of the weakest."

La mediación para una comunidad participativa (3/31/08)
Juan Carlos Vezzulla
Los años dedicados a la práctica de la mediación en diversos contextos y, fundamentalmente, las exigencias enfrentadas en la formación de mediadores en diferentes países (nada mejor que enseñar para aprender) me llevaron a reconocer la necesidad de construir un marco teórico referencial que sustentase la mediación, su filosofía y práctica, y que marcase principios básicos que permitiesen diferenciarla de la conciliación y de todo un abanico de prácticas extendidas por el mundo bajo el nombre de mediación sin respeto a su base científica, filosófica, ética y profesional. 

Film Review: “John Adams” - The Reluctant Revolutionary and the Negotiation of the Declaration of Independence (3/25/08)
Robert Benjamin
The difficult process and personal agonies that surround the unfolding of most significant human events seldom survive historical redaction and oversimplification. The story of the Declaration of Independence is an example of an event of great complexity has all too often been reduced to drivel more worthy of a fairy tale, or worse, twisted and contorted by politicians to suit their purposes. The quality of the writing and production of "John Adams" offers an important glimpse into the difficult negotiations behind the scenes that have been largely ignored, and the nature of leadership that was required. John Adams, who has not shared the limelight with the other 'founding fathers,' comes to life as he shifts from law protector to rebellious law breaker, and transforms from citizen to leader. Not your standard hero type in look, bearing or demeanor, it is fascinating to observe Adams, a self described, 'obnoxious' ideologue, learn to negotiate in critical times

Support dissent or the terrorists win: thoughts on the fifth anniversary of the Iraq war (3/24/08)
Diane J. Levin

[Note to readers: Mediation Channel is not a political blog, so I don’t typically use it as a vehicle for expressing my political views. Sometimes though I must when an issue implicates the work I do or when it has affected me or my family directly, as it did when I wrote “When the political gets personal: what the Military Commissions Act of 2006 means to one mediator and her family“.

Today marks another one of those times when I must speak up. That shouldn’t be surprising, though, to hear from a mediator — not when our work means empowering people to do precisely that. But by all means give this post a pass if you’d prefer to keep your mediation blog reading and political punditry separate.]

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Last night on the eve of the fifth anniversary of the U.S. invasion of Iraq, I found myself picking up a book my son gave me for Mother’s Day two years ago, Gag Rule: On the Suppression of Dissent and the Stifling of Democracy by Lewis Lapham, an account of the silencing of dissenting voices in American political discourse during the days between the towers falling and the bombing of Baghdad.

Those were dark days for many, particularly those among us who see the value of the hard questions and the give-and-take of dialogue, who know the dangers of the uninformed agreement or the decision made in haste. It was a time when many who supported the war against Iraq accused its critics of a lack of patriotism, or worse, of treason — of hating America, of giving comfort to its enemies, of aiding terrorism.

While five years later dissent has regained some of its former vigor, these old libels still stain our public discourse.

Yet we depend upon the critics and the naysayers of this world to temper our judgments. Both good decisions and democracy alike depend upon candid dialogue, the availability of information, and access to the truth.

And so today, on the fifth anniversary of a war that seems will never end, while I join those who mourn the tragic loss of thousands of lives, both military and civilian, or who struggle to comprehend the economic costs of a war that some have calculated to be $3 trillion, I pause today to recall the first casualty of war. I grieve for dissent.

Negotiating With Governments (3/10/08)
Joshua N. Weiss

In this podcast Josh talks with Jes Salacuse, a professor at Tufts University, about how to negotiate with governments. Salacuse contends both that we have to negotiate with governments all the time and the negotiation process is not as lopsided as it may initially seem.

MP3 File